B. Jonker - U.S. Department of Energy - Idaho Operations Office
M. Case - S. M. Stoller Corporation
This chapter reports the compliance status of the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Site with environmental protection requirements. Section 2.1 discusses the compliance status of the INL Site with respect to major environmental acts, agreements, and orders. Section 2.2 discusses environmental occurrences, which are nonpermitted releases that require notification of a regulatory agency outside of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Section 2.3 presents a summary of environmental permits for the INL Site. The programs in place to attain compliance with major acts, agreements, and orders are discussed in Chapter 3.
Operations at the INL Site are subject to numerous federal and state environmental statutes, executive orders, and DOE orders. These are listed in Appendix A. This section presents a brief summary of the INL’s compliance status with those regulations. Table 2-1 shows how the discussion is organized.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) provides the process to assess and remediate areas contaminated by the release of chemically hazardous and/or radioactive substances. Nuclear research and other operations at the INL Site left behind contaminants that pose a potential risk to human health and the environment. The INL Site was placed on the National Priorities List under CERCLA on November 29, 1989. The U. S. Department of Energy-Idaho Operations Office (DOE-ID), the state of Idaho, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 10 signed the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (FFA/CO) in December 1991. The cleanup contractor, CH2M-WG Idaho in accordance with the FFA/CO, is conducting environmental restoration activities at the INL Site.
The INL Site is divided into ten Waste Area Groups (WAGs) as a result of the FFA/CO. Field investigations are used to evaluate potential release sites within each WAG when existing data are insufficient to determine the extent and nature of contamination. After each investigation is completed, a determination is made whether a “No Further Action” listing is possible or if it is appropriate to proceed with an interim cleanup action or further investigation using a remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS). Results from the RI/FS form the basis for assessment of risks and alternative cleanup actions. This information, along with the agencies proposed cleanup plan is presented to the public in a document called a Proposed Plan. After reviewing public comments, DOE-ID, EPA, and the State reach a final cleanup decision, which is documented in a Record of Decision (ROD). Cleanup activities then can be designed, implemented, and completed. Specific environmental restoration activities are discussed in Chapter 3.
Natural Resource Trusteeship and Natural Resources Damage Assessment – Executive Order 12580, Section 2(d), appoints the Secretary of Energy as the primary Federal Natural Resource Trustee for natural resources located on, over, and under land administered by DOE. Natural resource trustees act on behalf of the public when natural resources may be injured, destroyed, lost, or threatened as a result of the release of hazardous substances. In the case of the INL Site, other natural resource trustees with jurisdiction over trust resources are the state of Idaho and U.S. Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service).
Past releases of hazardous substances resulted in the INL Site’s placement on the National Priorities List. These same releases created the potential for injury to natural resources. DOE is liable under CERCLA for damages to natural resources resulting from releases of hazardous substances to the environment.
Although the ecological risk assessment is a separate effort from the Natural Resources Damage Assessment, it is anticipated that the ecological assessment performed for CERCLA remedial actions can be used to help resolve natural resource issues. Ecological risk assessments at the INL Site have been conducted using the established guidance manual for conducting screening level ecological risk assessments (Van Horn et al. 1995).
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) ensure that sites, such as the INL Site, provide the public with information about hazardous chemicals stored and used, and establishes emergency planning and notification procedures to protect the public from chemical releases. EPCRA also contains requirements for periodic reporting on hazardous chemicals stored and/or used at a facility. Executive Order 13148, “Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management,” requires all federal facilities to comply with the provisions of EPCRA.
311 Report – EPCRA Section 311 reports were submitted quarterly for those chemicals that met the threshold planning quantity. These reports were sent to local emergency planning committees, the State Emergency Response Commission, and to local fire departments for each quarter in calendar year 2006. These quarterly reports satisfied the 90-day notice requirement for new chemicals brought onsite.
312 Report – Local and State planning and response agencies received the Emergency and Hazardous Chemical Inventory (Tier II) Report for calendar year 2005 by March 1, 2006. This report identified the types, quantities, and locations of hazardous and extremely hazardous chemicals stored at INL Site facilities that exceeded:
313 Report – The Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Report was transmitted to the EPA and the state of Idaho July 1, 2006. The report identifies quantities of 313-listed toxic chemicals that were used/released above activity thresholds. Once these activity thresholds (for manufacturing, processing, or otherwise used) are exceeded, an EPA 313 Toxic Release Inventory Form R report must be completed for each specific chemical. Releases under EPCRA reporting include transfers to offsite waste storage and treatment, air emissions, recycling, and other activities. The INL Site submitted ten reports for calendar year 2005 for toluene, ethylbenzene, lead and lead compounds, nitric acid, naphthalene, propylene, xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, nickel, and polycyclic aromatic compounds.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires federal agencies to consider and analyze potential environmental impacts of proposed actions and explore appropriate alternatives to mitigate those impacts, including a “no action” alternative. Agencies are required to inform the public of the proposed actions, impacts, and alternatives and consider public feedback in selecting an alternative. DOE implements NEPA according to procedures in 10 CFR 1021 and assigns authorities and responsibilities according to DOE Order 451.1B, “National Environmental Policy Act Compliance Program.” Processes specific to DOE-ID are set forth in its Idaho Operations Office Management System. The DOE-ID NEPA Compliance Officer and NEPA Planning Board implement the process.
The DOE-ID issued the Annual NEPA Planning Summary in January 2006. The summary is a requirement of DOE Order 451.1B, and it is prepared to inform the public and other DOE elements of:
Ongoing NEPA reviews of INL Site projects are described below.
Idaho High-Level Waste and Facilities Disposition Environmental Impact Statement (Idaho HLW & FD EIS) – This EIS describes the potential environmental impacts of various alternatives for treating and managing high-level radioactive waste and related radioactive wastes and facilities at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC). DOE received and considered agency and public comments on a draft EIS. In response to those comments and updated information, DOE incorporated changes into the final EIS. The final EIS was issued in the fall of 2002.
DOE planned for a phased decision-making process. In December 2005, DOE issued a ROD for the Idaho HLW & FD EIS. DOE decided to treat sodium–bearing liquid waste using the steam reforming technology; conduct performance-based closure on all existing facilities directly related to the High-Level Waste (HLW) Program at INTEC, except for the INTEC Tank Farm Facility and bin sets, once their missions are complete; design and construct new waste processing facilities needed to implement the decisions in the ROD consistent with clean closure methods and planned to be clean closed when their missions are complete; and develop HLW calcine retrieval demonstration process and conduct risk-based analysis, including disposal options, focused on the calcine stored at INTEC.
An amended ROD addressing closure of the INTEC Tank Farm Facility was issued in November 2006 in coordination with the Secretary of Energy’s determination, in consultation with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under Section 3116 of the Fiscal Year 2005 Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act. An additional ROD for HLW calcine disposition and bin set closure is scheduled for issuance in 2009.
Environmental Assessment for the Idaho National Laboratory Remote-Handled Waste Disposition (Formerly known as the Remote Treatment Project) - The proposed action is to provide heavily shielded handling services for the sodium contaminated remote-handled (RH) waste stored at the Materials and Fuels Complex (MFC) and the Hanford Reservation and other INL Site legacy remote-handled waste. The project would include a shielded hot cell with equipment for sorting, characterizing, treating and repackaging highly radioactive transuranic, mixed, and other radioactive waste. The facility mission is to make RH radioactive wastes ready for shipment to disposal locations. Much of the proposed action was analyzed in the Programmatic Spent Nuclear Fuel Management and Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Programs Final EIS (DOE-ID 1995) as the Remote Mixed Waste Treatment Facility project. DOE notified the state of Idaho and Shoshone-Bannock Tribal contacts in January of 2001. The draft EA is scheduled for public comment in 2007.
Environmental Assessment for the National Security Test Range -
The proposed action is to consolidate all INL National Security research and
development testing activities at one centralized location that can accommodate
increased explosive weights and eliminate scheduling conflicts. The proposed
test range would be specifically designed and constructed to accommodate testing
activities in support of analyzing the effects of explosives and explosive
devises, munitions, and similar items on security systems, facilities, vehicles,
structures, and other materials. The draft environmental assessment was released
on December 6, 2006, for public review and comment. Comments received on the
draft environmental assessment will be considered by DOE when developing the
final environmental assessment.
The Endangered Species Act provides a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, provides a program for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species, and takes such steps as may be appropriate to achieve the purposes of the international treaties and conventions on threatened and endangered species. It requires that all federal departments and agencies shall seek to conserve endangered species and threatened species and shall use their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of this act.
The Environmental Surveillance, Education and Research Program conducts ecological research, field surveys, and NEPA evaluations regarding ecological resources on the INL Site. Particular emphasis is given to threatened and endangered species and species of special concern identified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Idaho Fish and Game Department.
Two federally protected species may occasionally spend time on the INL Site:
the threatened bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and the gray wolf (Canis
lupus). Gray wolves found in the geographical region that includes the INL
Site are identified as an experimental/nonessential population and treated as a
threatened species. Bald eagles occasionally winter on part of the INL Site and
there have been unsubstantiated sightings of gray wolves.
Executive Order 11988 – Floodplain Management requires each federal agency to issue or amend existing regulations and procedures to ensure that the potential effects of any action it may take in a floodplain are evaluated and that its planning programs and budget requests reflect consideration of flood hazards and floodplain management. It is the intent of this Executive Order that federal agencies implement floodplain requirements through existing procedures such as those established to implement NEPA. The Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR 1022) contains DOE policy and floodplain environmental review and assessment requirements through the applicable NEPA procedures. In those instances where impacts of actions in floodplains are not significant enough to require the preparation of an EIS under NEPA, alternative floodplain evaluation requirements are established through the INL Site environmental checklist process.
For the Big Lost River, DOE-ID has accepted the Big Lost River Flood Hazard Study, Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 2005. This flood hazard report based on the geomorphological models and has undergone peer review. On January 12, 2006, DOE-ID directed the Idaho Cleanup Project contractor to use this floodplain determination for any activities that require the characterization of flows and hazards associated with the Big Lost River. All activities on the INL site requiring characterization of flows and hazards are expected to utilize this report.
For facilities at Test Area North (TAN), the 100-year floodplain has been
delineated in a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) report (USGS 1997).
Executive Order 11990 -
Protection of Wetlands requires each federal agency to issue or amend existing regulations and procedures to ensure wetlands are protected in decision-making. It is the intent of this executive order that federal agencies implement wetland requirements through existing procedures such as those established to implement NEPA. The 10 CFR 1022 statute contains DOE policy and wetland environmental review and assessment requirements through the applicable NEPA procedures. In those instances where impacts of actions in wetlands are not significant enough to require the preparation of an EIS under NEPA, alternative wetland evaluation requirements are established through the INL Site environmental checklist process. Activities in wetlands considered waters of the United States or adjacent to waters of the United States may also be subject to the jurisdiction of Section 404 and 402 of the Clean Water Act.The only area of the INL Site identified as potentially jurisdictional wetlands is the Big Lost River Sinks. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory map is used to identify potential jurisdictional wetlands and nonregulated sites with ecological, environmental, and future development significance. In 2006, no actions took place or had an impact on potentially jurisdictional wetlands on the Site, no future actions are planned that would impact wetlands. However, private parties do conduct cattle grazing in the Big Lost River Sinks area under Bureau of Land Management permits.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) established regulatory standards for generation, transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste. The Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is authorized by EPA to regulate hazardous waste and the hazardous components of mixed waste at the INL Site. Mixed waste contains both radioactive and hazardous materials. The Atomic Energy Act, as administered through DOE Orders, regulates radioactive wastes and the radioactive part of mixed wastes. Idaho DEQ has issued two RCRA Part A permits for the INL Site and seven Part B permits. One additional Part B permit is pending.
Notices of Violation/Non-compliance – On February 21 - 24, 2006, Idaho DEQ conducted an inspection of the INL. The Idaho DEQ issued a Notice of Violation (NOV) to DOE-ID and BEA on May 15, 2006, for eighteen alleged violations. DOE-ID, BEA and Idaho DEQ conducted a compliance conference on June 23, 2006, to discuss the NOV. The NOV was resolved by execution of a Consent Order signed by all parties on August 10, 2006. The Consent Order required deliverables which were submitted to Idaho DEQ on August 17, 2006. The deliverables included documentation required by the NOV and payment of $32,790 penalty. The Consent Order is closed with all deliverables having been completed.
RCRA Closure Plans – The state of Idaho approved closure plans for the following facilities in 2006:
RCRA Reports – As required by the state of Idaho, the INL Site submitted the Idaho Hazardous Waste Generator Annual Report for 2006. The report contains information on waste generation, treatment, recycling, and disposal activities at INL Site facilities.
DOE-ID submitted the INL Site 2006 Affirmative Procurement Report to the EPA, as required by Section 6002 of RCRA and Executive Order 13101, “Greening the Government through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition.” This report provides information on the INL’s Site procurement of products with recycled content.
The INL Site RCRA permit for the Hazardous Waste Storage Facility at the Central Facilities Area (CFA) and some areas at the Materials and Fuels Complex (MFC) requires submittal of an annual certification to Idaho DEQ that the INL Site has a waste minimization program in place to reduce the volume and toxicity of hazardous waste. The certification was submitted by July 1, 2006.
The Federal Facility Compliance Act requires the preparation of site treatment plans for the treatment of mixed wastes stored or generated at DOE facilities. Mixed waste contains both hazardous and radioactive components. The INL Site Proposed Site Treatment Plan was submitted to the state of Idaho and EPA on March 31, 1995. This plan outlined DOE-ID’s proposed treatment strategy for INL Site mixed waste streams, called the “backlog,” and provided a preliminary analysis of potential offsite mixed low-level waste treatment capabilities.
The INL Site Proposed Site Treatment Plan formed the basis for negotiations between the state of Idaho and DOE-ID on the consent order for mixed waste treatment at the INL Site. The Federal Facility Compliance Act Consent Order and Site Treatment Plan were finalized and signed by the state of Idaho on November 1, 1995.
A status of Site Treatment Plan milestones for 2006 is provided in Chapter 3.
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), which is administered by EPA, requires regulation of production, use, or disposal of chemicals. TSCA supplements sections of the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Because the INL Site does not produce chemicals, compliance with TSCA at the INL Site is primarily directed toward use and management of certain chemicals, particularly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Removal of PCB-containing light ballasts continues at buildings undergoing demolition. The ballasts are disposed of off-site in a TSCA-approved disposal facility. One PCB spill occurred at MFC and the area was cleaned per regulatory requirements.
DOE Order 435.1, “Radioactive Waste Management,” was issued to ensure that all DOE radioactive waste is managed in a manner that protects the environment and worker and public safety and health. This Order, effective July 1, 1999, replaces DOE Order 5820.2A, “Radioactive Waste Management,” and includes the requirements that DOE facilities and operations must meet in managing radioactive waste. INL Site activities related to this Order are discussed in Chapters 3 and 6.
Applications for state of Idaho Wastewater Land Application Permits have been submitted for all existing land application facilities. The CFA Sewage Treatment Plant, the TAN/Technical Support Facility Sewage Treatment Plant, and the combined INTEC Sewage Treatment Plant effluent and service wastewater for disposal at the new INTEC percolation ponds have current permits. Idaho DEQ is reviewing permit applications for the Reactor Technology Complex Cold Waste Ponds, the Naval Reactors Facility Industrial Waste Ditch, and the Materials and Fuels Complex industrial waste pond.
On October 16, 1995, DOE, the U.S. Navy, and the state of Idaho entered into an agreement that guides management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste at the INL Site. The Agreement makes Idaho the only state with a federal court-ordered agreement limiting shipments of DOE and Naval spent nuclear fuel into the State and setting milestones for shipments of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste out of the State.
The only milestone schedule for 2006, related to shipment of transuranic waste out of Idaho, was achieved on February 21, 2006. One shipment of spent fuel was transported to the INL in 2006. Progress was made toward meeting future milestones, including waste and spent nuclear fuel shipments.
The Clean Air Act is the law that forms the basis for the national air pollution control effort. Basic elements of the act include national ambient air quality standards for major air pollutants, hazardous air pollutant standards, state attainment plans, motor vehicle emissions standards, stationary source emissions standards and permits, acid rain control measures, stratospheric ozone protection, and enforcement provisions.
The EPA is the federal regulatory agency of authority, but states may
administer and enforce provisions of the act by obtaining EPA approval of a
state implementation plan. Idaho has been delegated such authority.
The Idaho air quality program is primarily administered through the permitting
process. Potential sources of air pollutants are evaluated against regulatory
criteria to determine if the source is specifically exempt from permitting
requirements and if the source’s emissions are significant or insignificant. If
emissions are determined to be significant, several actions may occur:
Permitted sources of air pollutants at the INL Site are listed in Table 2-2.
Title V Operating Permit – Title V of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments required the EPA to develop a federally enforceable operating permit program for air pollution sources to be administered by state and/or local air pollution agencies. The EPA promulgated regulations in July 1992 that defined the requirements for state programs. Idaho has promulgated regulations and EPA has given interim approval of the Idaho Title V (Tier I) Operating Permit program. The INL Site was issued two Tier I operating permits with effective dates of June 28, 2005, and November 15, 2006.
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants – DOE-ID submitted the 2005 INL National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants-Radionuclides report to EPA, DOE Headquarters, and state of Idaho officials in June 2006. CFR Title 40, part 61, subpart H requires the use of an EPA approved computer model to calculate the hypothetical maximum individual effective dose equivalent to a member of the public resulting from INL Site airborne radionuclide emissions. The calculations for this code are discussed further in Chapter 8, “Dose to the Public.”
The Clean Water Act (CWA), passed in 1972, established goals to control pollutants discharged to U.S. surface waters. Among the main elements of the CWA are effluent limitations, set by the EPA, for specific industry categories and water quality standards set by states. The CWA also provided for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program, requiring permits for discharges into regulated surface waters.
The INL Site complies with two CWA permits through the implementation of procedures, policies, and best management practices. The permits are:
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permits – The City of Idaho Falls is authorized by the NPDES permit program to set pretreatment standards for nondomestic discharges to publicly owned treatment works. This program is set out in the Municipal Code of the City of Idaho Falls regulations in Chapter 1, Section 8. Industrial Wastewater Acceptance Forms are obtained for facilities that discharge process wastewater through the City of Idaho Falls sewer system. Twelve Idaho Falls facilities have associated Industrial Wastewater Acceptance Forms for discharges to the city sewer system.
The Industrial Wastewater Acceptance Forms for these facilities contain special conditions and compliance schedules, prohibited discharge standards, reporting requirements, monitoring requirements, and effluent concentration limits for specific parameters. All discharges from Idaho Falls facilities in 2006 were within compliance levels established on the acceptance forms.
Storm Water Discharge Permits for Construction Activity – DOE-ID obtained coverage for the INL Site under the General Permit for Storm Water Discharges from Construction Sites issued in June 1993. The coverage under the general permit has been renewed twice. INL Site contractors obtain coverage under the general permit for individual construction projects. Storm Water Pollution Plans are completed for individual construction projects. Inspections of construction sites are performed in accordance with permit requirements.
Only construction projects that are determined to have a reasonable potential
to discharge pollutants to a regulated surface water are required to have a
Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan and Permit.
The Safe Drinking Water Act was reauthorized on August 6, 1996. It establishes primary standards for water delivered by systems supplying drinking water to 15 or more connections or 25 individuals for at least 60 days per year. The INL Site drinking water supplies meet these criteria for public water systems and are classified as either nontransient noncommunity or transient noncommunity systems. The INL Site has 12 active public water systems, one of which serves the Naval Reactors Facility. All facilities at the INL Site perform sampling of drinking water as required by the State and EPA. Chapter 5 contains details on drinking water monitoring results.
Preservation of historic properties on lands managed by DOE is mandated under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966. The Section 106 process is the legal mechanism used to determine if adverse effects to historic properties will occur and if so, the nature and extent of these adverse effects. Consultation with the Idaho State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and interested parties are then conducted to mitigate these effects.
The INL Site Cultural Resources Management Plan (CRMP) was written specifically for site resources, providing a tailored approach to comply with Section 106 of the NHPA. The CRMP is reviewed and updated annually. Additionally, a Programmatic Agreement between DOE-ID, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and the Idaho SHPO, dated July 2004, Concerning Management of Cultural Resources on the Idaho National Laboratory Site, formally implements the CRMP.
Signature Properties as defined in the CRMP, is a term coined by DOE-Headquarters that denotes its most historically important properties across the site. In 2006 DOE-ID submitted the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) report for the Fuel Reprocessing Complex to the National Park Service (NPS). The HAER report describes the various scientific programs and buildings covering nearly four decades of uranium recycling from spent reactor fuel that powered the United States Navy’s nuclear fleet and National Reactor Testing Station leading to scientific advances in fuel processing and waste management. Additionally, the HAER report for the Test Reactor Area was completed and submitted to the NPS. The report details the programs and reactors built to support the area now known as the Reactor Technology Complex. The HAER reports contain extensive written and photographic documentation of these historic programs and buildings. INL HAER reports are archived among other significant scientific documents and manuscripts in the collections of the U.S. Library of Congress. They are also distributed to a wide variety of professional historians, colleagues in the DOE complex, universities with nuclear programs, politicians, and tribes.
In 2006, 21 properties were reviewed of which six were completely removed
through deactivation, decontamination and demolition. Historic Architectural
Reviews continued to focus on removal or demolition of historic properties that
have historically contributed to the overall landscape of INL’s World War II and
pioneering nuclear history as the INL facilities consolidate into three main
campus areas. However, consultation with the Idaho SHPO and National Park
Service led to the retention of the several buildings and structures at the CFA
and the 1954 Lead Shielded Locomotive from Test Area North.
The INL Site is located on the aboriginal territory of the Shoshone and Bannock people. The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes are major stakeholders in INL Site activities. They are particularly concerned with how the remains of their ancestors and culture are treated by DOE-ID and its contractors. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act provides for the protection of Native American remains and the repatriation of human remains and associated burial objects. Repatriation refers to the formal return of human remains and cultural objects to the Tribes with whom they are culturally affiliated.
In 2006, five releases were deemed reportable to external regulatory agencies:
None of these releases posed significant threats to the environment or human
health. All releases were appropriately remediated.
Table 2-2 summarizes permits applied for, and granted to, the INL Site through year-end 2006.
Executive Order 13148, “Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management,” April 2000.
Executive Order 12580, “Superfund Implementation,” January 1987.
Executive Order 11988, “Floodplain Management,” May 1977.
Executive Order 11990, “Protection of Wetlands,” May 1977.
Executive Order 13101, “Greening the Government through Waste Prevention Recycling and Federal Acquisition, September 1998.
U.S. Department of Energy, 2006, “Compliance with Floodplain and Wetland Environmental Review Requirements,” Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR 1022, Office of the Federal Register.
U.S. Department of Energy Order 451.1B, Change 1, 2001, “National Environmental Policy Act Compliance Program,” U.S. Department of Energy, September 28.
U.S. Department of Energy Order 435.1, Change 1, 2001, “Radioactive Waste Management,” U.S. Department of Energy, August 28.
U.S. Department of Energy Idaho Operations Office (DOE-ID), 1995, Department of Energy Programmatic Spent Nuclear Fuel Management and Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Programs Final Environmental Impact Statement. DOE/EIS-0203-F.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 1997, Simulation of Water-Surface Elevations for a Hypothetical 100-Year Peak Flow in Birch Creek at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, DOE/ID-22138.
VanHorn, R.L., Hampton, N.L., and Morris, R.C., 1995, Guidance Manual for Conducting Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessments at the INEL, INEL-95/0190, June.
2006 INL Annual Site Environmental Report
Chapter 2 - Environmental Compliance Summary