The primary pathway by which radionuclides can move off the INL is through the air and for this reason the air pathway is the primary focus of monitoring on and around the INL. Samples for particulates and iodine-131 (¹³¹I) gas in air were collected weekly for the duration of the quarter at 16 locations using low-volume air samplers. Moisture in the atmosphere was sampled at four locations around the INL and analyzed for tritium. Concentrations of airborne particulates less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM₁₀) were measured for comparison with EPA standards at three locations. Air sampling activities and results for the third quarter, 2006 are discussed below. A summary of approximate minimum detectable concentrations (MDCs) for radiological analyses and DOE Derived Concentration Guide (DCG) (DOE 1993) values is provided in Appendix B.

Low-Volume Air Sampling

Radioactivity associated with airborne particulates was monitored continuously by 18 low-volume air samplers (two of which are used as replicate samplers) at 16 locations during the third quarter of 2006 (Figure 2). Four of these samplers are located on the INL, eight are situated off the INL near the boundary, and six have been placed at locations distant to the INL. Samplers are divided into INL, Boundary, and Distant groups to determine if there is a gradient of radionuclide concentrations, increasing towards the INL. Each replicate sampler is relocated every year to a new location. One replicate sampler was placed at Howe (Boundary location) and one at the INL Main Gate (onsite location) during 2006. An average of 14,643 ft³ (415 m³) of air was sampled at each location, each week, at an average flow rate of 1.45 ft³/min (0.04 m³/min). Particulates in air were collected on membrane particulate filters (1.2 µm pore size). Gases passing through the filter were collected with an activated charcoal cartridge.

                                                                      

Figure 2.    Low-volume air sampler locations.

Filters and charcoal cartridges were changed weekly at each station during the quarter. Each particulate filter was analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity using thin-window gas flow proportional counting systems after waiting about four days for naturally-occurring daughter products of radon and thorium to decay.

The weekly particulate filters collected during the quarter for each location were composited and analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides. Composites were also analyzed by location for ⁹⁰Sr, ²³⁸Pu, ^239/240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am as determined by a rotating quarterly schedule.

Charcoal cartridges were analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides, specifically for iodine-131 (¹³¹I). Iodine-131 is of particular interest because it is produced in relatively large quantities by nuclear fission, is readily accumulated in human and animal thyroids, and has a half-life of eight days. This means that any elevated level of ¹³¹I in the environment could be from a recent release of fission products.

Gross alpha results are reported in Table C-1. Median gross alpha concentrations in air for INL, Boundary, and Distant locations for the third quarter of 2006 are shown in Figure 3. The data were tested for normality prior to statistical analyses. The data showed no consistent discernable distribution. Box and whisker plots are commonly used when there is no assumed distribution. Each data group in Figure 3 is presented as a box and whisker plot, with a median (small red square), a box enclosing values between the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, and whiskers representing the non-outlier range. Note that outliers and extreme values are identified separately from the box and whiskers. Outliers and extreme values are atypical, infrequent, data points that are far from the middle of the data distribution. For this report, outliers are defined as values that are greater than 1.5 times the height of the box, above or below the box. Extreme values are greater than 2 times the height of the box, above or below the box. Outliers and extreme values may reflect inherent variability, may be due to errors associated with transcription or measurement, or may be related to other anomalies. A careful review of the data collected during the third quarter indicates that the outlier values were not due to mistakes in collection, analysis, or reporting procedures, but rather reflect natural variability in the measurements. The outlier and extreme values lie within the range of measurements made within the past five years. Thus, rather than dismissing the outliers, they were included in the subsequent statistical analyses.

Figure 3.  Gross alpha concentrations in air at ESER Program INL, Boundary, and Distant locations for the third quarter of 2006.

Figure 3 graphically shows that the gross alpha measurements made at INL, Boundary, and Distant locations are similar for the third quarter. If the INL were a significant source of offsite contamination, concentrations of contaminants could be statistically greater at Boundary locations than at Distant locations. Because there is no discernable distribution of the data, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test of multiple independent groups was used to test for statistical differences between INL, Boundary, and Distant locations. The use of nonparametric tests, such as Kruskal-Wallis, gives less weight to outlier and extreme values thus allowing a more appropriate comparison of data groups. A statistically significant difference exists between data groups if the (p) value is less than 0.05. Values greater than 0.05 translate into a 95 percent confidence that the medians are statistically the same. The p value for each comparison is shown in Table D-1. There were no statistical differences in gross alpha concentrations, grouped quarterly, between location groups during the third quarter 2006.

Comparisons of gross alpha concentrations were made for each month of the quarter (Figures 4 – 6). Again the Kruskal-Wallis test of multiple independent groups was used to determine if statistical differences exist between INL, Boundary, and Distant data groups.

Figure 4. July 2006 gross alpha concentrations in air at ESER Program INL, Boundary, and Distant locations. Number of samples (N) = 4 at each location except at Dubois and Idaho Falls stations, where N = 3.

Figure 5. August 2006 gross alpha concentrations in air at ESER Program INL, Boundary, and Distant locations. Number of samples (N) = 5 at each location except at Dubois and FAA Tower, where N = 4.

Figure 6. September 2006 gross alpha concentrations in air at ESER Program INL, Boundary, and Distant locations. Number of samples (N) = 4 at each location.

There were no statistical differences in gross alpha results between groups for any month during the third quarter (Table D-1).

As an additional check, comparisons between gross alpha concentrations measured at Boundary and Distant locations were made on a weekly basis. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the Boundary and Distant data because it is the most powerful nonparametric alternative to the t-test for independent samples. INL sample results were not included in this analysis because the onsite data, collected at only three locations, are not representative of the entire INL and would not aid in determining offsite impacts. The gross alpha concentrations measured at Distant locations was statistically greater than those measured at Boundary locations during the week ending July 12 (Table D-2). Because the Distant locations were higher, an INL-related cause for the statistical difference is not implicated. In a second case, the gross alpha concentrations measured at Boundary locations was statistically greater than those measured at Distant locations during the week ending August 30. In this case, no particular distribution was seen in the data to indicate an INL Site-related cause, and it is more likely due to random variability in the data.

Gross beta results are presented in Table C-1. Gross beta concentrations in air for INL, Boundary, and Distant locations for the third quarter of 2006 are shown in Figure 7. The data were tested and found to be neither normally nor log-normally distributed. Box and whiskers plots were used for presentation of the data. Outliers and extreme values were retained in subsequent statistical analyses because they are within the range of measurements made in the past five years, and because these values could not be attributed to mistakes in collection, analysis, or reporting procedures. As in the case of alpha activity, the quarterly data for each group appear to be similar and were determined using the Kruskal-Wallace test to be statistically the same (Table D-1).

Figure 7. Gross beta concentrations in air at ESER Program INL, Boundary, and Distant locations for the third quarter of 2006.

Monthly median gross beta concentrations in air for each sampling group are shown in Figures 8 – 10. Statistical data are presented in Table D-1. There were no statistical differences in gross beta between groups for any month during the quarter (Table D-1).

Figure 8.  July 2006 gross beta concentrations in air at ESER Program INL, Boundary, and Distant locations. Number of samples (N) = 4 at each location except Blue Dome where N = 3.

Figure 9.  August 2006 gross beta concentrations in air at ESER Program INL, Boundary, and Distant locations. Number of samples (N) = 5 at each location except Arco and Blue Dome where N = 4.

Figure 10.  September 2006 gross beta concentrations in air at ESER Program INL, Boundary, and Distant locations. Number of samples (N) = 4 at each location, except Arco where N = 3.

Comparison of weekly Boundary and Distant data sets, using the Mann Whitney U test, only showed no statistical differences between Boundary and Distant measurements during the third quarter of 2006 (Table D-2).

Iodine-131 was not detected in any of the charcoal cartridge batches collected during the third quarter of 2006. Weekly ¹³¹I results for each location are listed in Table C-2 of Appendix C. Gamma spectrographic analysis is also done with the ¹³¹I analysis.

Weekly filters for the third quarter of 2006 were composited by location. All samples were analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides, including ¹³⁷Cs. Composites were also analyzed for ⁹⁰Sr, ²³⁸Pu, ^239/240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am. All valid results for composite filter samples are shown in Table C 3, Appendix C. There were some additional results for alpha-emitting radionuclides that were reported by the laboratory; however, they were determined to be invalid due to possible laboratory error. The error has since been corrected.

Cesium-137, a man-made gamma-emitting radionuclide, was detected in samples composited from the distant locations of Craters of the Moon, Idaho Falls, and the onsite location of Van Buren Gate. Recounts of the samples confirmed the detections in two of the three samples, collected at Craters of the Moon and Van Buren Gate. These results were well below the DOE Derived Concentration Guide of 4 × 10^-10 mCi/mL and within historical measurements. They are most likely due to the presence of ¹³⁷Cs in the environment from global fallout derived from past nuclear weapons testing.

None of the composite samples had valid, detectable concentrations of ⁹⁰Sr, ²⁴¹Am or isotopes of plutonium.

Atmospheric Moisture Sampling

Twenty-four atmospheric moisture samples were obtained during the third quarter of 2006 from Atomic City, Blackfoot CMS, Idaho Falls, and Rexburg CMS. Atmospheric moisture is collected by pulling air through a column of absorbent material (molecular sieve material) to absorb water vapor. The water is then extracted from the absorbent material by heat distillation. The resulting water samples are then analyzed for tritium using liquid scintillation.

Nine samples exceeded the 3s uncertainty level for tritium—three from Atomic City, three from Blackfoot, one from Idaho Falls, and two from Rexburg. All samples with detectable tritium were well below the DOE DCG for tritium in air of 1 x 10^-7 mCi/mL (3.7 x 10^-3 Bq/mL), ranging from (6.6 ± 1.7) x 10^-13 mCi/mLair ([24.4 ± 6.4] x 10^-9 Bq/mL) at Atomic City in September to (10.5 ± 2.4) x 10^-13 mCi/mLair ([38.7 ± 8.8] x 10^-9 Bq/mL), at Blackfoot in August. All results are shown in Table C-4, Appendix C.
 

PM₁₀ Air Sampling

The EPA began using a standard for concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM) less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM₁₀) in 1987 (40 CFR 50.6 [CFR 2006]). Particles of this size can be inhaled deep into the lungs and are considered to be responsible for most of the adverse health effects associated with airborne particulate pollution. The air quality standards for these particulates are an annual average of 50 µg/m³, with a maximum 24-hour concentration of 150 µg/m³.

The ESER Program operates three PM₁₀ particulate samplers, one each at the Rexburg CMS and Blackfoot CMS, and one in Atomic City. Sampling of PM₁₀ is informational only as no chemical analyses are conducted for contaminants. A twenty-four hour sampling period is scheduled to run once every six days. The maximum 24-hour particulate concentration was 66.1 µg/m³ on September 7, 2006, at Rexburg. The average, maximum, and minimum results of the 24-hour samples are shown are shown in Table 1. Results for all PM₁₀ samples are listed in Table C-5, Appendix C.
 

Table 1.                    Summary of 24-hour PM₁₀ values.

	Concentrationa
Location	Minimum	Maximum	Average
Atomic City	4.4	65.8	24.1
Blackfoot, CMS	7.8	50.1	22.3
Rexburg, CMS	12.6	66.1	29.5
a.   All concentrations are in (μg/m3).