Filters and charcoal cartridges were changed weekly at each station during the quarter. Each particulate filter was analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity using thin-window gas flow proportional counting systems after waiting about four days for naturally-occurring daughter products of radon and thorium to decay.

The weekly particulate filters collected during the quarter for each location were composited and analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides. Selected composites were also analyzed by location for ⁹⁰Sr, ²³⁸Pu, ^239/240Pu and ²⁴¹Am as determined by a rotating quarterly schedule.

Charcoal cartridges were analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides, specifically for iodine-131 (¹³¹I). Iodine-131 is of particular interest because it is produced in relatively large quantities by nuclear fission, is readily accumulated in human and animal thyroids, and has a half-life of eight days. This means that any elevated level of ¹³¹I in the environment could be from a recent release of fission products.

Gross alpha results are reported in Table C-1. One result for the Van Buren Gate air sampler from the week of April 22 was at the upper end normally found for gross alpha concentrations. During this week, road construction activities began on the public highway adjacent to the sampling location. See the specific nuclide section for further discussion.

Median gross alpha concentrations in air for INL Site, Boundary, and Distant locations for the second quarter of 2009 are shown in Figure 3. Gross alpha data are tested for normality prior to statistical analyses, and generally show no consistent discernable distribution. Box and whisker plots are commonly used when there is no assumed distribution. Each data group in Figure 3 is presented as a box and whisker plot, with a median (small red square), a box enclosing values between the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers representing the non-outlier range. Outliers and extreme values are identified separately from the box and whiskers. Outliers and extreme values are atypical, infrequent data points that are far from the middle of the data distribution. For this report, outliers are defined as values that are greater than 1.5 times the height of the box, above or below the box. Extreme values are greater than 2 times the height of the box, above or below the box. Outliers and extreme values may reflect inherent variability, may be due to errors associated with transcription or measurement, or may be related to other anomalies. A careful review of the data collected during the second quarter indicates that the outlier values were not due to mistakes in collection, analysis, or reporting procedures, but rather reflect natural variability in the measurements. Thus, rather than dismissing the outliers, they were included in the subsequent statistical analyses.

Because there is no discernable distribution of the data, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test of multiple independent groups was used to test for statistical differences between INL Site, Boundary and Distant locations. The use of nonparametric tests, such as Kruskal-Wallis, gives less weight to outlier and extreme values thus allowing a more appropriate comparison of data groups. A statistically significant difference exists between data groups if the (p) value is less than 0.05. Values greater than 0.05 translate into a 95 percent confidence that the medians are statistically the same. The p value for each comparison is shown in Table D-1. For the quarter, there was no statistical difference noted. Figure 3 graphically shows that the gross alpha measurements made at INL Site, Boundary and Distant locations are similar for the second quarter except for the previously noted Van Buren sample. If the INL Site were a significant source of offsite contamination, concentrations of contaminants could be statistically greater at Boundary locations than at Distant locations.
 

Comparisons of gross alpha concentrations were made for each month of the quarter (Figures 4 – 6). Again the Kruskal-Wallis test of multiple independent groups was used to determine if statistical differences exist between INL Site, Boundary and Distant data groups. No statistical differences in gross alpha concentrations between groups were noted during any month of the quarter (Table D-1).

As an additional check, comparisons between gross alpha concentrations measured at Boundary and Distant locations were made on a weekly basis. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the Boundary and Distant data because it is the most powerful nonparametric alternative to the t-test for independent samples. INL Site sample results were not included in this analysis because the onsite data, collected at only three locations, are not representative of the entire INL Site and would not aid in determining offsite impacts. In the second quarter, there were no weeks where a statistical difference existed between the two sample groups (Table D-2).

Gross beta results are presented in Table C-1. Gross beta concentrations in air for INL Site, Boundary and Distant locations for the second quarter of 2009 are shown in Figure 7. The data were tested and found to be neither normally nor log-normally distributed. Box and whiskers plots were used for presentation of the data. Outliers and extreme values were retained in subsequent statistical analyses because they are within the range of measurements made in the past five years, and because these values could not be attributed to mistakes in collection, analysis, or reporting procedures. No statistical differences were noted in the quarterly data using the Kruskal-Wallace test (Table D-1).

Monthly median gross beta concentrations in air for each sampling group are shown in Figures 8 – 10. Statistical data are presented in Table D-1. There were no statistical differences in gross beta between groups for any month during the quarter.
Comparison of weekly Boundary and Distant gross beta data sets, using the Mann Whitney U test, showed no statistical differences between Boundary and Distant measurements during any week in the second quarter (Table D-2).

No ¹³¹I was detected in any of the charcoal cartridge batches collected during the second quarter of 2009. Weekly ¹³¹I results for each location are listed in Table C-2 of Appendix C. Gamma spectrographic analysis is also done with the ¹³¹I analysis. Cesium-137 was not detected in any of the 26 measured batches of cartridges this quarter. The analytical laboratory considers occasional detections of this nuclide a result of the materials used in the charcoal filters.

Weekly filters for the second quarter of 2009 were composited by location. All samples were analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides, including ¹³⁷Cs (see Table C-3, Appendix C). No manmade gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected.

Selected composites were also analyzed for ⁹⁰Sr, ²³⁸Pu, ^239/240Pu and ²⁴¹Am (see Table C-3, Appendix C). Strontium-90 and the plutonium isotopes were not reported on any composites. Americium-241 was detected on a composite from a distant location with a measured concentration in the range detected over the past several years. This radionuclide was also found on the composite from the Van Buren Gate at a concentration that was above the normal range of detections. This was the same location where the elevated gross alpha concentration was noted during the week that road construction activities, which involved tearing up the old roadbed, were initiated near the air sampler. Elevated gross alpha activity was not observed in a co-located air monitor operated by the INL contractor during the same period. It is possible that the road construction may have exposed and suspended materials used in the previous construction of the road bed. The materials may have been contaminated historically and the ESER sampler may have intercepted a contaminated particle. No other explanation seems plausible.